As mechanical philosophy gained support in Descartes' native France, so did moves towards a centralised Government control .

Descartes' was quick to draw a parallel between the role of Ruler and Creator,

• God sets up mathematical laws in nature as a king sets up laws in his kingdom. To take the analogy further, just as the king must make sure his laws are obeyed, so God remains to preside over nature.

Descartes' belief in the existence of a rational human soul is based on the principle of the indivisibility of the human ego and underpinned by an unquestioning acceptance of the fundamental beliefs in one's own existence and the existence of God.

For Descartes the human body and the human mind were discrete entities. The human soul, unlike the mechanical world, was something that could not be broken down

One of the most challenging attacks on this aspect of Descartes' system was that if mind and matter are so radically different, how do they interact? Descartes' reaction to this criticism was that the pineal gland in humans formed a point of interaction between body and soul.

The inadequacy of this explanation was highlighted by the discovery that the pineal gland is also present in dogs, while Descartes had preserved the rational soul for only the human species.

the world is a Machine, but we must not forget that there is a Mechanic and that He designed the Machine for purposes which we might try to understand and that He is always present to supervise and maintain it Universality!

Summary of the Mechanical Philosophy:

1) world is a plenum of matter whirling about in large and small vortices; no void;

2) God originally created the world by putting matter into motion according to certain laws; time took care of the rest; everything is matter in motion.

3) Only two real or primary substances in the universe

a) matter (res extensa)--defined as extension and is infinitely divisible.

b) mind (res cogitans)-- non-extended and immaterial; endowed in each of us by God, is what makes us individuals, (much like a rational soul);

4) Cartesian dualism mind and matter completely separated Mind is rational, matter is inert, lifeless, passive spirituality of the Earth completely removed now!

5) Nature is only this lifeless matter in motion; What we call "life" is merely an epiphenomenon of this matter in motion; it is not intrinsic to nature. We can call things "living," but what we really mean is that their parts are so disposed as to behave automatically in accord to physical laws of necessity; e.g. The Clockwork Universe

6) Humans distinct from Nature: Only man is endowed with mind, could act freely, but only as a mind in an automaton; animals do not have minds or reason; they are nothing more than elaborately contrived machines or automatons The Hierarchical World View




Select the Descartes Essay report and analyze the following quotes from Descartes and report on what you think he is saying.

• What does he consider "truth"?
• How does he deal with bias?


Quotes de Descartes

Each problem that I solved became a rule which served afterwards to solve other problems. If you would be a real seeker after truth, it is necessary that at least once in your life you doubt, as far as possible, all things In order to improve the mind, we ought less to learn, than to contemplate. One cannot conceive anything so strange and so implausible that it has not already been said by one philosopher or another. The first precept was never to accept a thing as true until I knew it as such without a single doubt. It is only prudent never to place complete confidence in that by which we have even once been deceived.